[EIP1559] Ethereumの新たなガス価格設定メカニズムを理解しよう！

from typing import Union, Dict, Sequence, List, Tuple, Literal
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

@dataclass
class TransactionLegacy:
	signer_nonce: int = 0
	gas_price: int = 0
	gas_limit: int = 0
	destination: int = 0
	amount: int = 0
	payload: bytes = bytes()
	v: int = 0
	r: int = 0
	s: int = 0

@dataclass
class Transaction2930Payload:
	chain_id: int = 0
	signer_nonce: int = 0
	gas_price: int = 0
	gas_limit: int = 0
	destination: int = 0
	amount: int = 0
	payload: bytes = bytes()
	access_list: List[Tuple[int, List[int]]] = field(default_factory=list)
	signature_y_parity: bool = False
	signature_r: int = 0
	signature_s: int = 0

@dataclass
class Transaction2930Envelope:
	type: Literal[1] = 1
	payload: Transaction2930Payload = Transaction2930Payload()

@dataclass
class Transaction1559Payload:
	chain_id: int = 0
	signer_nonce: int = 0
	max_priority_fee_per_gas: int = 0
	max_fee_per_gas: int = 0
	gas_limit: int = 0
	destination: int = 0
	amount: int = 0
	payload: bytes = bytes()
	access_list: List[Tuple[int, List[int]]] = field(default_factory=list)
	signature_y_parity: bool = False
	signature_r: int = 0
	signature_s: int = 0

@dataclass
class Transaction1559Envelope:
	type: Literal[2] = 2
	payload: Transaction1559Payload = Transaction1559Payload()

Transaction2718 = Union[Transaction1559Envelope, Transaction2930Envelope]

Transaction = Union[TransactionLegacy, Transaction2718]

@dataclass
class NormalizedTransaction:
	signer_address: int = 0
	signer_nonce: int = 0
	max_priority_fee_per_gas: int = 0
	max_fee_per_gas: int = 0
	gas_limit: int = 0
	destination: int = 0
	amount: int = 0
	payload: bytes = bytes()
	access_list: List[Tuple[int, List[int]]] = field(default_factory=list)

@dataclass
class Block:
	parent_hash: int = 0
	uncle_hashes: Sequence[int] = field(default_factory=list)
	author: int = 0
	state_root: int = 0
	transaction_root: int = 0
	transaction_receipt_root: int = 0
	logs_bloom: int = 0
	difficulty: int = 0
	number: int = 0
	gas_limit: int = 0 # note the gas_limit is the gas_target * ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER
	gas_used: int = 0
	timestamp: int = 0
	extra_data: bytes = bytes()
	proof_of_work: int = 0
	nonce: int = 0
	base_fee_per_gas: int = 0

@dataclass
class Account:
	address: int = 0
	nonce: int = 0
	balance: int = 0
	storage_root: int = 0
	code_hash: int = 0

INITIAL_BASE_FEE = 1000000000
INITIAL_FORK_BLOCK_NUMBER = 10 # TBD
BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR = 8
ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER = 2

class World(ABC):
	def validate_block(self, block: Block) -> None:
		parent_gas_target = self.parent(block).gas_limit // ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER
		parent_gas_limit = self.parent(block).gas_limit

		# on the fork block, don't account for the ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER to avoid
		# unduly halving the gas target.
		if INITIAL_FORK_BLOCK_NUMBER == block.number:
			parent_gas_target = self.parent(block).gas_limit
			parent_gas_limit = self.parent(block).gas_limit * ELASTICITY_MULTIPLIER 

		parent_base_fee_per_gas = self.parent(block).base_fee_per_gas
		parent_gas_used = self.parent(block).gas_used
		transactions = self.transactions(block)

		# check if the block used too much gas
		assert block.gas_used <= block.gas_limit, 'invalid block: too much gas used'

		# check if the block changed the gas limit too much
		assert block.gas_limit < parent_gas_limit + parent_gas_limit // 1024, 'invalid block: gas limit increased too much'
		assert block.gas_limit > parent_gas_limit - parent_gas_limit // 1024, 'invalid block: gas limit decreased too much'

		# check if the gas limit is at least the minimum gas limit
		assert block.gas_limit >= 5000

		# check if the base fee is correct
		if INITIAL_FORK_BLOCK_NUMBER == block.number:
			expected_base_fee_per_gas = INITIAL_BASE_FEE
		elif parent_gas_used == parent_gas_target:
			expected_base_fee_per_gas = parent_base_fee_per_gas
		elif parent_gas_used > parent_gas_target:
			gas_used_delta = parent_gas_used - parent_gas_target
			base_fee_per_gas_delta = max(parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta // parent_gas_target // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR, 1)
			expected_base_fee_per_gas = parent_base_fee_per_gas + base_fee_per_gas_delta
		else:
			gas_used_delta = parent_gas_target - parent_gas_used
			base_fee_per_gas_delta = parent_base_fee_per_gas * gas_used_delta // parent_gas_target // BASE_FEE_MAX_CHANGE_DENOMINATOR
			expected_base_fee_per_gas = parent_base_fee_per_gas - base_fee_per_gas_delta
		assert expected_base_fee_per_gas == block.base_fee_per_gas, 'invalid block: base fee not correct'

		# execute transactions and do gas accounting
		cumulative_transaction_gas_used = 0
		for unnormalized_transaction in transactions:
			# Note: this validates transaction signature and chain ID which must happen before we normalize below since normalized transactions don't include signature or chain ID
			signer_address = self.validate_and_recover_signer_address(unnormalized_transaction)
			transaction = self.normalize_transaction(unnormalized_transaction, signer_address)

			signer = self.account(signer_address)

			signer.balance -= transaction.amount
			assert signer.balance >= 0, 'invalid transaction: signer does not have enough ETH to cover attached value'
			# the signer must be able to afford the transaction
			assert signer.balance >= transaction.gas_limit * transaction.max_fee_per_gas

			# ensure that the user was willing to at least pay the base fee
			assert transaction.max_fee_per_gas >= block.base_fee_per_gas

			# Prevent impossibly large numbers
			assert transaction.max_fee_per_gas < 2**256
			# Prevent impossibly large numbers
			assert transaction.max_priority_fee_per_gas < 2**256
			# The total must be the larger of the two
			assert transaction.max_fee_per_gas >= transaction.max_priority_fee_per_gas

			# priority fee is capped because the base fee is filled first
			priority_fee_per_gas = min(transaction.max_priority_fee_per_gas, transaction.max_fee_per_gas - block.base_fee_per_gas)
			# signer pays both the priority fee and the base fee
			effective_gas_price = priority_fee_per_gas + block.base_fee_per_gas
			signer.balance -= transaction.gas_limit * effective_gas_price
			assert signer.balance >= 0, 'invalid transaction: signer does not have enough ETH to cover gas'
			gas_used = self.execute_transaction(transaction, effective_gas_price)
			gas_refund = transaction.gas_limit - gas_used
			cumulative_transaction_gas_used += gas_used
			# signer gets refunded for unused gas
			signer.balance += gas_refund * effective_gas_price
			# miner only receives the priority fee; note that the base fee is not given to anyone (it is burned)
			self.account(block.author).balance += gas_used * priority_fee_per_gas

		# check if the block spent too much gas transactions
		assert cumulative_transaction_gas_used == block.gas_used, 'invalid block: gas_used does not equal total gas used in all transactions'

		# TODO: verify account balances match block's account balances (via state root comparison)
		# TODO: validate the rest of the block

	def normalize_transaction(self, transaction: Transaction, signer_address: int) -> NormalizedTransaction:
		# legacy transactions
		if isinstance(transaction, TransactionLegacy):
			return NormalizedTransaction(
				signer_address = signer_address,
				signer_nonce = transaction.signer_nonce,
				gas_limit = transaction.gas_limit,
				max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
				max_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
				destination = transaction.destination,
				amount = transaction.amount,
				payload = transaction.payload,
				access_list = [],
			)
		# 2930 transactions
		elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction2930Envelope):
			return NormalizedTransaction(
				signer_address = signer_address,
				signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
				gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
				max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
				max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
				destination = transaction.payload.destination,
				amount = transaction.payload.amount,
				payload = transaction.payload.payload,
				access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
			)
		# 1559 transactions
		elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction1559Envelope):
			return NormalizedTransaction(
				signer_address = signer_address,
				signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
				gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
				max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_priority_fee_per_gas,
				max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_fee_per_gas,
				destination = transaction.payload.destination,
				amount = transaction.payload.amount,
				payload = transaction.payload.payload,
				access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
			)
		else:
			raise Exception('invalid transaction: unexpected number of items')

	@abstractmethod
	def parent(self, block: Block) -> Block: pass

	@abstractmethod
	def block_hash(self, block: Block) -> int: pass

	@abstractmethod
	def transactions(self, block: Block) -> Sequence[Transaction]: pass

	# effective_gas_price is the value returned by the GASPRICE (0x3a) opcode
	@abstractmethod
	def execute_transaction(self, transaction: NormalizedTransaction, effective_gas_price: int) -> int: pass

	@abstractmethod
	def validate_and_recover_signer_address(self, transaction: Transaction) -> int: pass

	@abstractmethod
	def account(self, address: int) -> Account: pass

100 gwei * 2,000,000 gas = 200,000,000 gwei

200,000,000 gwei // 10,000,000 gas = 20 gwei

20 gwei // 8 = 2.5 gwei（整数除算では2 gwei）

max(2 gwei, 1 gwei) = 2 gwei

def normalize_transaction(self, transaction: Transaction, signer_address: int) -> NormalizedTransaction:
# legacy transactions
if isinstance(transaction, TransactionLegacy):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
        destination = transaction.destination,
        amount = transaction.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload,
        access_list = [],
    )
# 2930 transactions
elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction2930Envelope):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
        destination = transaction.payload.destination,
        amount = transaction.payload.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload.payload,
        access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
    )
# 1559 transactions
elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction1559Envelope):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_priority_fee_per_gas,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_fee_per_gas,
        destination = transaction.payload.destination,
        amount = transaction.payload.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload.payload,
        access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
    )
else:
    raise Exception('invalid transaction: unexpected number of items')

def normalize_transaction(self, transaction: Transaction, signer_address: int) -> NormalizedTransaction:

if isinstance(transaction, TransactionLegacy):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.gas_price,
        destination = transaction.destination,
        amount = transaction.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload,
        access_list = [],
    )

elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction2930Envelope):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.gas_price,
        destination = transaction.payload.destination,
        amount = transaction.payload.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload.payload,
        access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
    )

elif isinstance(transaction, Transaction1559Envelope):
    return NormalizedTransaction(
        signer_address = signer_address,
        signer_nonce = transaction.payload.signer_nonce,
        gas_limit = transaction.payload.gas_limit,
        max_priority_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_priority_fee_per_gas,
        max_fee_per_gas = transaction.payload.max_fee_per_gas,
        destination = transaction.payload.destination,
        amount = transaction.payload.amount,
        payload = transaction.payload.payload,
        access_list = transaction.payload.access_list,
    )

else:
    raise Exception('invalid transaction: unexpected number of items')